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South Sudan’s crisis cannot be reduced to leadership failures or individual corruption. At its core lies a pre-national mindset—a set of cognitive and political orientations shaped by decades of war, patrimonial authority, and weak institutionalization. This mindset explains why political elites continue to govern through militarized command, ethnic patronage, and resource extraction rather than institutional accountability.

The SPLM/A’s origins as a liberation army embedded a militarized rationality into politics. Authority is still exercised as command, not negotiation, and critique is equated with rebellion. Max Weber’s typology of authority is useful here: While South Sudan inherited the form of legal-rational bureaucracy, in practice its governance is defined by neo-patrimonial domination, where loyalty to leaders prevails over adherence to rules. Political offices become extensions of the “big man” rather than nodes of institutional authority. In the absence of strong institutions, ethnic affiliation becomes the primary source of political legitimacy.

Ernest Gellner’s insight that “in low-institutional environments, high-loyalty groups compensate for weak bureaucracies” explains why ethnic identity substitutes for citizenship. Political elites mobilize their constituencies not as national citizens, but as kin-based collectives competing over state rents. This reinforces a zero-sum logic in which state capture by one group is perceived as exclusion by others.

South Sudan’s oil economy is managed through what Acemoglu and Robinson (2012) describe as extractive institutions—systems designed to concentrate wealth and power in the hands of elites while systematically undermining accountability. Oil revenues are privatized into patronage networks, financing a political marketplace in Alex de Waal’s sense, where loyalty is purchased through cash, positions, and arms. Such transactional politics, while functional in the short term, undermines the possibility of building sustainable national institutions.

Perhaps the deepest crisis is the absence of a binding social contract between rulers and the ruled. Joel Migdal’s “state-in-society” framework explains this condition: in South Sudan, the state is too weak to impose rules, and instead societal actors—militias, clans, and churches—dominate the state. As a result, the government is perceived less as a provider of services than as a predator to be resisted or avoided. This has institutionalized a psychology of survival and fear, where citizens retreat into ethnic enclaves and leaders justify authoritarianism through liberationist rhetoric.

Unless South Sudan transitions from this prenational mindset to an institutional mindset, the cycle of suffering will persist. By institutional mindset, we mean one where objective, rule-based institutions replace kinship-based authority and militarized command. As Everett Hagen’s theory of social change suggests, development requires societies to abandon traditional patterns of authority and embrace organizational forms capable of sustaining innovation, trust, and cooperation.

South Sudan’s survival as a state depends on its ability to institutionalize such objective rationality in governance, transforming political power from personalized domination into national trusteeship.

The writer, Samuel Peter Oyay, is a South Sudanese political activist, strategist, and commentator with over two decades of experience in governance and management. He can be reached via This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

The views expressed in ‘opinion’ articles published by Radio Tamazuj are solely those of the writer. The veracity of any claims made is the responsibility of the author, not Radio Tamazuj.

Hussein Ali Mwinyi, president of Tanzania's Zanzibar, on Monday awarded medals to members of the 34th batch of the Chinese medical team and experts from the China-aided schistosomiasis control project for their distinguished service in improving healthcare in the Zanzibar Archipelago.

Speaking at the ceremony marking the conclusion of their service, Mwinyi thanked the Chinese government for its longstanding cooperation with Zanzibar, particularly in the health sector.

"I extend my sincere gratitude to the 34th Chinese medical team for the excellent work you have done during your entire stay here in Zanzibar. You have treated patients, trained students, donated equipment and medicines, and provided much-needed care to many Zanzibaris," the president said.

Mwinyi also commended the schistosomiasis control project team for their efforts in significantly reducing infection rates, and pledged his government's readiness to welcome the 35th Chinese medical team and the next group of schistosomiasis control project experts.

Nassor Ahmed Mazrui, Zanzibar's minister of health, said the 34th Chinese medical team has served more than 41,000 patients, performed over 4,200 surgeries, and introduced new treatment methods previously unavailable in the islands.

The team also conducted rural clinics, supported orphans, and donated medical supplies worth more than 1.6 billion Tanzanian shillings (about 620,000 U.S. dollars).

On the schistosomiasis control project, Mazrui noted that more than 125,000 people had been screened, all infected patients treated, and the prevalence rate on Pemba Island had been cut from 1.23 percent to 0.79 percent.

Chen Wei, head of the 34th Chinese medical team, expressed appreciation for the great support and trust shown by the Zanzibari government and people.

He said the Chinese medical team will continue to strengthen health cooperation with Zanzibar, deepen exchanges in medical technology and talent training, further expand service coverage, and contribute to the sustainable development of Zanzibar's health sector. Web editor: Huang Kechao, Liang Jun), People Daily

Morendat Polo player Amani Nzomo playing The Connaught Cup beating NPC 6-4 at The Nairobi Polo Club, Jamhuri Park, in Nairobi, on July 27, 2025. [Jonah Onyango, Standard]

 

Kenya appears to have mastered the art of winning matches against their international competitors this season.

And their winning streak was achieved when Kenya Shujaa overcame Zambia in the round-robin matches to lift the Swinburn Trophy at Manyatta Polo Club in Gilgil, over the weekend. 

In their last match of the three-day competition, Kenya Shujaa settled for a five-all-draw against Zambia that ensured they collected maximum six points to emerge victorious. 

The team of Archie Voorspuy, Harry Stichbury, Amani and Hiromi Nzomo was a good joy to watch, with Voorspuy scoring all the five goals from assists through Amani and Hiromi in the fight for top honours. 

“It was a tough match and the competition was tough, tougher than last year. But it was a good experience,” Amani told Standard Sports.

The Nzomos, whose excellent performance last season led to their handicap promotion, have been in top shape. 

On the Zambian side, it was Jake Coventry who scored four times, with Damien Harris only managing one, in the four chukkas.

Zambian captain Tristan Clayton paid a glowing tribute to Kenyan players for the warm reception and use of their horses. The Standard

 

Makueni senator Dan Maanzo during a past event. PHOTO/@DanielMaanzo/X 

Makueni Senator Dan Maanzo has raised concerns over the national government’s handling of county resources, warning that continued delays and withholding of funds threaten the autonomy of devolved units.

Speaking on Tuesday, August 26, 2025, during an interview on a local TV station, the senator said that despite constitutional provisions empowering county governments, several counties are still struggling to fully exercise their mandates due to insufficient funding. 

“Because 15 years later, with the Constitution empowering each level of governance, things are still being done as if we are under a central government,” Maanzo said.

“Counties are supposed to manage their own health, agriculture, and water services, but without the necessary resources, they cannot fulfil these duties.” 

Devolution under strain


Maanzo highlighted that full devolution in sectors like health, agriculture, and water could significantly increase funding and efficiency at the county level.

He pointed to examples such as fertiliser distribution and vaccination drives, which are still managed centrally by the national government, sidelining county officials and staff.

“If you devolve these fully, then counties would have the capacity to serve their people better,” he noted.

The senator also criticised the uneven implementation of national programs across counties, citing instances where some regions were left out of key services like immunisation campaigns.

“Not every county was covered. Some were abandoned,” he said, describing the lack of coordination as detrimental to local governance.

Maanzo urged the national government to respect the spirit of devolution and ensure that counties receive the resources and authority necessary to operate independently.

He warned that failure to act could erode public trust in devolved units and undermine the progress achieved since the Constitution was enacted.

His statement comes months after the Council of Governors expressed strong concerns over delayed transfers, with Ksh 74 billion still pending, which continue to disrupt essential county services. The council called on the National Treasury to expedite the release of funds. By , K24

 

 

Today, the United States is sanctioning armed groups carrying out illegal mining and supply chain actors profiteering from conflict minerals in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).  The Department of the Treasury is designating four entities producing and trading in conflict minerals in Rubaya, an expansive mining area rich in critical minerals.  

Today's sanctions impose consequences on actors who destabilize the eastern DRC.  They target one of many armed groups carrying out illegal mining operations including through forced labour and violence against civilians.  They also counter companies in the DRC and China that partner with armed groups to profiteer off instability to steal the mineral wealth of the DRC.  Today, the United States is sending a clear message that no armed group or commercial entity is immune from sanctions if they undermine peace, stability, or security in the DRC. 

Through the U.S.-mediated peace process, especially the Regional Economic Integration Framework, the United States supports the DRC and Rwanda in building a more peaceful and prosperous future.  The United States is resolved to end the exploitation of conflict minerals in the Great Lakes region.  The U.S. government will continue to take action to support a mining sector that contributes to lasting stability and economic development in the Great Lakes region and secure, reliable global critical minerals supply chains. 

The Department of the Treasury's actions were taken pursuant to E.O. 13413, as amended, which authorizes the imposition of sanctions on persons who have engaged in activity which threatens the peace, security, or stability of the DRC or supported persons that are involved in such activities, including through the illicit trade in natural resources of the DRC.  

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