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Reconstruction of Mtoto’s position in the burial pit. Photo via Evening Standard

 

Scientists have uncovered “extraordinary” evidence of what is thought to be the oldest deliberate human burial in Africa dating to 78,000 years ago.

The remains of a three-year-old child were unearthed at Panga ya Saidi – a cave on the Kenyan coast, with “astonishingly preserved” bone arrangements.

The researchers said their findings, published in the journal Nature are the earliest known evidence of a ceremonial act of burial by modern humans in Africa and offer new insight into how our ancestors treated their dead.

Professor Nicole Boivin, director of the department of archaeology at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany said: “As soon as we first visited Panga ya Saidi, we knew that it was special.

“The site is truly one of a kind.

“Repeated seasons of excavation at Panga ya Saidi have now helped to establish it as a key type site for the East African coast, with an extraordinary 78,000-year record of early human cultural, technological and symbolic activities.”

Portions of the child’s bones were first found in 2013 but it was not until 2017 the remains were fully exposed.

They were too delicate to study in the field so the researchers took the bones to laboratories in Spain to examine them.

Analysis of the two teeth found in the remains revealed they belonged to a child, nicknamed Mtoto, between two-and-a-half and three years old.

Scientists at the National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH) in Burgos, Spain, then began the painstaking task of uncovering the rest of the remains, which included parts of the skull and face, with unerupted teeth in the lower jawbone, as well as the spine and the ribs.

Professor Maria Martinon-Torres, director at CENIEH, said: “The articulation of the spine and the ribs was also astonishingly preserved, even conserving the curvature of the thorax cage, suggesting that it was an undisturbed burial and that the decomposition of the body took place right in the pit where the bones were found.”

Based on a microscopic analysis of the bones and surrounding soil, the researchers said the body was rapidly covered after burial – meaning Mtoto was intentionally buried shortly after death.

Arrangement of the bones show the child lying on the right side with knees drawn towards the chest, while the position and collapse of the skull suggests the youngster’s head was resting on a perishable support – such as a pillow, according to Prof Martinon-Torres.

The researchers said these findings point to “a complex ritual that likely required the active participation of many members of the child’s community”.

While remains uncovered at the Panga ya Saidi cave represent the earliest evidence of intentional burial in Africa, burials in Europa and Asia go back as far as 120,000 years – involving Neanderthals as well as modern humans.

The researchers said that differences in mortuary practices could be one of the reasons why the evidence of burials in Africa remains comparatively scarce and elusive.

Professor Michael Petraglia, also of the Max Planck Institute, said: “The Panga ya Saidi burial shows that inhumation of the dead is a cultural practice shared by Homo sapiens and Neanderthals.

“This find opens up questions about the origin and evolution of mortuary practices between two closely related human species, and the degree to which our behaviours and emotions differ from one another.” - Nilima Marshall, Evening Standard

Kenya's President Uhuru Kenyatta, right, listens as Tanzanian President Samia Suluhu Hassan speaks during a joint press conference at the State House in Nairobi, May 4, 2021. Photo AFP

 

NAIROBI - Kenya and Tanzania have signed a deal for a gas pipeline that will run between the coastal cities of Mombasa and Dar es Salaam. The signing took place Tuesday, as Tanzanian President Samia Suluhu Hassan made her first visit to Kenya following the death of her predecessor, John Magufuli.

Speaking to reporters in Nairobi after a closed-door meeting that lasted more than three hours, Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta said the two countries are ready to improve their relations. 

Relations between the two East African nations grew strained during the five years Magufuli was president of Tanzania. Magufuli died of heart disease in March and was replaced by Hassan, his vice president.

Kenyatta said Tuesday he and Hassan signed a gas pipeline deal that will improve the lives of his people and businesses. The pipeline will help reduce the cost of electric power, Kenyatta said, and will help transition Kenya to environment-friendly energy. 

Hassan said she and Kenyatta also agreed to reduce barriers to bilateral trade, in order to grow businesses and investment between the two countries.

Kigen Morumbasi, who teaches international relations and security at Strathmore University in Kenya, said good relations between the two countries have the potential to spur economic growth. 

"When we look at the two countries, we are looking at prospects in terms of bilateral trade. So, we are supposed to see bilateral trade going up and free movement of people, which of course have an issue, especially in the region. And if we look at the trade between Tanzania and Kenya, we know both of them are port countries. The closer ties between the two countries will elevate the economic development for both countries, as well, and remove the competition that has been dogging the two countries in the past," Morumbasi said. 

The two countries also agreed that health officials should work together on COVID-19 issues.  

That was not the case under Tanzania's late president. Under Magufuli, Tanzanian officials denied COVID-19 was present in the country and cast doubt on the effectiveness of vaccines.   

Hassan said Tuesday she and Kenyatta want to see health officials cooperating to ease the movement of people and goods. - Mohammed Yusuf, Voice of America

Prof Murwira. Photo The Herald

 

 

Zimbabwe and South Sudan are working towards strengthening ties in the education sector, with the two countries expected to sign another cooperation agreement after the Government agreed to release certificates of Sudanese nationals, who graduated from different local universities.

The certificates had been withheld for various reasons.

Last Friday, Higher and Tertiary Education, Innovation, Science and Technology Development Minister Professor Amon Murwira met South Sudan Higher Education Minister, Gabriel Changson Chang, to map how the two countries could strengthen ties in the education sector.

In the meeting, Mr Changson Chang expressed commitment to fulfilling the agreement signed between the two countries.

Speaking at the certificates handover ceremony, Prof Murwira said Harare will continue engaging Juba in areas of enhancing education.

“As you know, we have a sacrosanct relationship with South Sudan,” he said. “We struggled together and we are still struggling together to make sure that our continent is emancipated from poverty, oppression, disease, so that we have an Africa that is full of hope. 

“Hope alone is not enough, it has to be filled by capability.” 

Prof Murwira urged the South Sudan students who received their certificates to fully utilise the knowledge they received Zimbabwe.

“Go there and do things out there,” he said. “We need courage and focus as we move this country forward. It needs a spirit of a never die.

“This is why in this country we have revamped our education from a three mission education of research, teaching and community engagement to a five mission education type which talks about teaching research, community engagement, innovation and industrialisation.” 

Minister Changson Chang thanked the Zimbabwean Government for releasing the certificates and made an undertaking to fulfil what they agreed to.

He extended an invitation to Prof Murwira to visit South Sudan so that they explore other areas of cooperation in the education sector.

“The relationship will not stop from here,” said Mr Changson Chang. “The next step is to invite Prof Murwira and his team to South Sudan. While in South Sudan, you will see what we have. We will have cooperation agreement and we plan to make a draft, share it with him and he will put his input so that by the time he comes to South Sudan it will be ready for signature.

“We will also make sure that it will not break on its way. We will also want to benefit as a Ministry and as a country from your education system, so we would like to compare your governing documents and how your universities do their work. We would like also to exchange views on programmes. 

“We would like to say thank you for what we did within a short period of time.” 

The handover ceremony was also attended by South Sudan Head of Delegation to Zimbabwe Ambassador Gabriel Riak. - Nyore Madzianike, The Herald

Customers enjoy a cup of tea while observing social distance at Green Valley Hotel in Nakuru town, yesterday after the government lifted lockdown in disease infected counties on Saturday. Photo/PD/Raphael Munge

Kenyans breathed a sigh of relief after the government lifted the lockdown in the disease infected counties of Nairobi, Machakos, Nakuru, Kiambu and Kajiado, with the hope of picking up the pieces and working for a brighter tomorrow.  

From jua kali artisans to airlines; mama mboga to captains of industry, everyone is looking to leverage on the reopening to improve their economic wellbeing.

A spot-check by the People Daily showed while hospitality businesses are dusting off their premises with revellers trickling in, transporters have taken their fleets for service and commuters are trooping to bus termini to travel to different destinations.

Investors in Public Service Vehicles plying long distance routes say they are hopeful business will pick up by the end of the week while in the hospitality sector, many hotels have opened and allowing in-person service.

Holiday destinations such as those in the North Coast and South Coast yesterday revealed they had begun receiving bookings from upcountry guests who had cancelled their holidays as a result of the travel restrictions.

At Travellers Beach Hotel and Club, for example, General Manager Hilary Siele disclosed that the hotel had incurred Sh4.6 million loss on conferencing and events immediately after President Uhuru Kenyatta’s announcement cessation of movement in the five counties.

Below average

Baobab Beach Resort and SPA in the South Coast is among tourist establishments which have begun positioning themselves to receive guests in line with covid-19 protocols.

“Welcome back to your favourite spot Friends. We are more than ready to continue serving you with excellence as you deserve.

Pay for 3 stay for 4 days offer still continues from as low as Sh6,900 per night,” the hotel announced yesterday

At Travellers Beach, Siele said the hotel had 85 per cent of its staff placed on compulsory leave as the cost of operations remained unbearable.

“We are not able to meet any bills right now, we are just operating below average financially; about the stimulus package we are yet to get it, we stand a position to benefit but we are hoping that it will go through, we have complied 100 per cent so when it comes through, it will greatly help us,” said Siele.

In the transport sector, Kenya Association of Bus Companies national chairman Abubakar Talib said the sector lost close to Sh100 million a day since travelling in and out of the five counties was restricted.

“This is a huge loss because some of our members have grounded operations, and workers lost employment,” said Talib.

He said the fare hikes were as a result of the high cost of fuel.

 But for other players, the resumption of inbound flights, the Standard Gauge Railway trains and the long-distance passenger bus companies now provides an easy linkage between Nairobi and the Coast of Kenya which most of its domestic tourists come from.

“Most of our domestic tourists are from upcountry, therefore the reopening of the five counties is a big relief for the sector as many guests will now troop to Mombasa on weekends, for conferences and also on leisure, we are hoping the government will continue supporting the sector players to stand on its feet,” said Sam Ikwaye, Kenya Association of Hotel Keepers and Caterers coast executive director.

Yesterday, budget carrier Skyward Express resumed its flights from Mombasa to Nairobi and vice versa.

Safari Link Aviation announced that it will resume trips to Diani, Vipingo on May 6, while Malindi and Lamu will commence on May 7. Trips to Kisumu and Masai Mara commence today.

In their social media platforms, budget carrier companies separately stated that all passengers and airport users are still required to strictly observe the safety measures put in place.

Ikwaye says the hotel industry is now registering between 7-10 per cent local guests on leisure, conferencing and meetings at the coast.

Kenya Tourism Federation chairman Mohamed Hersi, welcomed the government’s decision and termed the lifting of lock down as a big relief to the sector.

The official, however, warned players against dropping the guard against the virus.

According to Hersi, the sector was far from recovering from the shocks posed by the virus, if Kenyans continue to disregard the set guidelines.

At the same time, Kenya Railways company KR has indicated that resumption of operations of the Madaraka Express Passenger Services between Mombasa and Nairobi and Nairobi Terminus and Suswa station start Monday morning (today).

“The schedule remains unchanged with the Inter-county train departing from Mombasa and Nairobi at 8:00 am; the Express train departing at 3:00 pm; and the Night train departing at 10:00 pm.

The booking platforms have been opened to the public for online purchase of tickets,” states the company through a notice to the public. 

The company indicated that unutilised tickets due to the just concluded Cessation of Movement Order will be used and urged customers to reschedule travel to a preferred date.

“We have waived the rescheduling fee for tickets purchased before May 2, 2021.

The Link train to Nairobi Terminus at 6:35 am; 12:00 pm; and 8:00 pm will be available to transport passengers to Nairobi Terminus and upon arrival from Mombasa,” reads the notice. By Christopher Owuor, PDOnline

Passengers arriving at Entebbe airport. Photo The Observer

 

The government has banned flights to and from India following a sudden increase in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the Asian country.

India has so far recorded more than 18 million cases of COVID-19 with over 218,000 deaths. The country is also in a crisis with an acute shortage of essential supplies such as oxygen and ventilators for the overflowing critical cases to health facilities. Today, Sunday India recorded another 3,072 new coronavirus deaths and 350,715 new cases. 

Health minister Dr Jane Ruth Aceng told journalists on Friday that Uganda has so far recorded one case of the Indian strain of the COVID-19 virus that is feared to be lethal. She said starting May 1, only those Ugandan nationals will be allowed back in the country. 

The ban also affects travelers that have traveled through India in the last 14 days. For travelers arriving from India Aceng says they are expected to have a negative PCR COVID-19 test certificate conducted 120 hours from the time of sample collection and will undergo another mandatory PCR test on arrival.

Once found positive, Aceng says they will be isolated at their own cost in a designated hotel whereas those that test negative will undergo self-quarantine at their residences. The only exempted flights from the ban are cargo flights, technical stops where travelers don’t leave the flight and operations related to humanitarian work, medical evacuation, or approved diplomatic flights.  

Currently, there are five circulating strains of coronavirus in Uganda including the Ugandan strain which has already been seen in 34 other countries. The other strains include the South African, Nigerian and the one from the United Kingdom. 

Considering these circulating strains, the ministry of Health has also recommended that travelers coming from UK, United Arab Emirates, the US, Turkey, South Africa, South Sudan, and Tanzania which countries they named category two should consider postponing non-essential travel to Uganda.  

She however noted that travelers who have been fully vaccinated don’t need to test on arrival in the country. Currently, while India has vaccinated 11 per cent of its entire population, Uganda has only vaccinated 0.7 per cent of the population with the first jab in an exercise that is only picking up now with fears of resurging infection.

Dr. Yonas  Tegegn Woldermariam, the World Health Organization country representative said even with such small vaccination figures Uganda is among the countries performing well as far as uptake in Africa is concerned. He urged countries not to be worried about the circulating news of vaccine expiries noting that countries that have destroyed or returned their jabs have only wasted them. - URN/The Observer

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