A London-based power firm, Globeleq, has secured Sh8.89 billion ($72 million) to develop a 35-megawatt (MW)power plant, at Menengai Crater geothermal fields in Nakuru, boosting Kenya’s efforts to fully transition to clean energy and consequently lower the cost of electricity.

Globeleq Chief Executive Officer Mike Scholey said the firm had signed a financing agreement with the African Development Bank (AfDB), the Eastern and Southern African Trade and Development Bank (TDB) and Finnfund.

 In 2021, Globeleq acquired a majority stake in Quantum Power East Africa, one of the three independent power producers (IPPs) that Geothermal Development Company (GDC) awarded exclusive rights to set up steam driven power plants under a build-own-operate model.

The IPP, alongside Sosian Menengai Geothermal Power and OrPower Twenty-Two Company had been selected in 2013 through competitive bidding to build, operate and own the first three power plants in Menengai, each generating 35 Megawatts to pump into the national grid a cumulative 105 MegaWatts.

Scholey indicated that construction of the power plant is scheduled to kick off within a few months and is expected to be complete by September 2025. British Nation Investment (BII – formerly CDC) holds 70 percent of shares in Globeleq while the rest are owned by Norwegian DFI Norfund.

The CEO stated, “as an active participant in the Kenyan energy sector for many years, the Menengai geothermal project is our first geothermal project.  It fully aligns with our focus on quality investments which utilise renewable energy sources to create clean, reliable and cost-effective energy for the country and be an active part of the solution to the climate crisis.”

The announcement follows a recent commitment by the Kenyan and UK Governments at COP27 in Egypt to fast-track green investment projects worth Sh 500 billion in the country, including the Menengai project.

Currently an estimated 80 percent of Kenya’s electricity is from clean sources mainly geothermal and wind and has set the ambitious target of a 100 percent transition to clean energy by 2028.

President  William Ruto disclosed the ambitious target at the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP27) in Egypt.

Ruto underscored the importance of ramping up the use of clean energy as a way of helping Kenya lower the cost of electricity by eliminating the fuel cost charge that thermal power plants charge for supporting the grid especially at peak demand or during low hydro-production due to drought.

Menengai Project is the second large-scale geothermal field being developed in Kenya after the Olkaria units in Naivasha Sub-County whose exploration is carried out by the Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen).

Scholey noted that the project, upon completion, will significantly boost Kenya’s efforts towards a 100 per cent transition to clean energy in a bid to provide cheap electricity in addition to protecting the environment from the pollution of the thermal power plants.

Kenya has been grappling with high power bills mainly because of the fuel cost charge— the money that Kenya Power collects from consumers on behalf of the thermal power generators.

The charge significantly rises when fuel prices go up and when the amount of oil consumed by the generators increases.  Increased use of electricity from fuel generators hits consumers with high power bills due to the high cost of fuel, underscoring why cutting reliance on thermal plants is key to lowering the cost of electricity.

For example, Kenya Power disclosed that the uptake of electricity from thermal energy plants jumped from 876-gigawatt hours (GWh) to 1,539 GWh in the 2021/22 financial year.

Construction works are also ongoing at Sosian Menengai Geothermal Power Plant   after receiving Sh6.5 billion funding from the China-based Zhejiang Kaishan Compressor. The two parties further entered into a 14-year Sh1.8 billion operations and maintenance of systems agreement.

Menengai phase one is part of a 5,000-MegaWatt project by the government to produce affordable, reliable and green energy. The state corporation has drilled steam wells with an output of 165 Mega Watts. This steam is more than enough for the first 105MW of electricity expected to be generated by the three IPPs. 

According to GDC Managing Director and CEO Engineer Jared Othieno once the three IPPs are fully operational electricity generated from the multibillion-shilling Menengai Geothermal Project will cost at least Sh7 per kilowatt less than diesel or hydro power.

Under the arrangement christened Menengai Model, GDC was to take care of upfront risks and then invite private sector players to construct, own and operate the plants for 25 years.

“When electricity is finally generated at Menengai, our country will save more than Sh13 billion as fuel levy annually and ultimately lower the cost of power bills,” said the Regional Manager, adding that Kenya would save some Sh45 billion spent to buy diesel,”. 

The Menengai GDC plant, the CEO noted, had the capacity to produce enough electricity to serve almost 500,000 homesteads and 300,000 businesses.

He added “We are proposing to have industrial parks to be constructed adjacent to our power plants. They will benefit from our tariffs, which will be the lowest at US $7 cents per kWh. The industries will also utilise the readily available geothermal steam for processing at very competitive rates.”

GDC began drilling at Menengai site in February 2011 and has so far sunk over 43 wells, 24 of which have been tested giving 165 MW. The rest of the wells are still undergoing tests.

GDC plans to pump an extra 1065mw into the national grid in the next ten years which will be generated from Menengai (465 Mega Watts), Baringo-Silale (300 MegaWatts) and 300 Megawatts from South Rift region as the government seeks more geothermal energy.

With a proven potential of 7,000 megawatts, geothermal energy from Kenya’s geologically active Great Rift Valley forms the cornerstone of a government scheme to boost energy production.

Records from the Ministry of Energy indicate that geothermal is the leading contributor of power to the national grid, accounting for 44.12 percent followed by hydropower at 26.98 percent. Thermal is below 13 percent. This is in contrast to 2014 when the share of thermal was at a high of 34.49 percent due to erratic rains that reduced hydropower sources.

Data from the Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority shows that geothermal is the biggest contributor of power to the national grid, accounting for 44.12 percent of the total supply.

According to the Renewables Global Status 2021, Kenya tops in Africa with 700 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power, retaining its place compared to last year.

The US has the largest geothermal generating capacity with 2,500 megawatts followed by the Philippines (1,900 MW), Indonesia (1,800 MW), Turkey (1,100 MW), New Zealand (1000 MW), Mexico (900 MW), Italy (800 MW) and Iceland (750 MW).

Kenya beats technological heavyweight Japan which has been ranked tenth with an output of 500 MW.

The rest of the world shares 950 MW. Ethiopia is the only other African country with developed geothermal energy (7 MW).

Geothermal is widely considered a preferable, low-cost renewable energy source due to low emissions when compared to thermal sources.

It is also cheaper than thermal power when used as an alternative to mitigate depressed hydropower generation due to drought. Kenya has a target of 5 Gigawatts (GW) geothermal capacity by the year 2030.

Green energy power plants under development in Kenya include the 300 MW Lake Turkana Wind Power Plant, which is the single largest wind power plant in Africa, the 70 MW Olkaria 1 and the 140 MW OlKaria V. KNA/Capital News

A total of 150 people were trafficked over the past three years (2020-2022), according to data from Rwanda Investigation Bureau (RIB).

In 2020, RIB received 33 cases of human trafficking that involved 36 victims (seven male and 29 female), with the number going up in 2021.

In 2021 the victims were 66 (22 male and 44 female) from 17 cases, while the number dropped to 48 (six male and 42 female) in 2022 from 33 cases.

According to RIB, one case may contain more than one victim and the same data shows that among the 150, 68 were under the age of 18, 68 were aged between 18 to 30, and 14 were aged above 30.

In the year 2020, human trafficking victims aged below 18 were 15, and the ones aged 18 to 30 were 17 while the ones above 30 were four.

2021 victims under 18 were 27, 32 aged between 18 to 30 and seven were above 30, while last year RIB received 26 victims below the age of 18, 19 victims between the ages of 18 and 30, and three aged above 30.

RIB indicates that 41 victims have been repatriated (19 in 2022, 11 in 2021, and 11 in 2020) and sent back from different countries in Asia, the Middle East, and West Africa. While 24 victims were intercepted at airports and borders heading to Asian countries, the Middle East and West Africa.

RIB spokesperson, Thierry Murangira, told The New Times, some people repatriated, or intercepted, “change tricks to find their way to those countries again.”

Furthermore, he pointed out, when they are brought back they are counselled because “some feel that RIB is against their chances” and so they end up finding other ways to go back.

Commenting on tactics used by perpetrators to con the victims, Murangira mentioned promises of a better job, and internship, among others.

Murangira said the number is not alarming and that there are measures in place to fight human trafficking, seen in the decreasing number, for instance victims decreased from 66 in 2021 to 48 last year.

RIB, in collaboration with other institutions, is fighting the issue with various means including awareness campaigns, detection and investigation intended to bring to book those who are involved.

Murangira also disclosed that the capacities and capabilities of RIB are being strengthened, and technologies will be put in place to use appropriate precaution and other tools to detect and investigate trafficking networks.

RIB urges people to be very careful and conscious whenever someone approaches them with job promises, internships, and marriage abroad, and inform authorities whenever they come across such people.

In addition, Murangira said that there is also a need to understand that the advantages and potential of social media platforms that were meant to increase communication and bring people together are also being exploited by criminals to recruit and entice victims. - Aurore Teta Ufitiwabo, The New Times

Tanzania's efforts to implement a legal identity system have been fraught with complications for decades, and the latest initiative that includes compiling mass biometric data is no different. Tanzania embarked on a plan to create a system of legal identity for its citizens after independence in 1961.

This plan was however short-lived as the government lacked the financial capacity to implement the exercise. Decades later, the enacting of the Registration and Identification of Persons Act in 1986, and its subsequent revised edition (2012), would however pave the way for the establishment of the National Identification Authority (NIDA), a body responsible for registering Tanzanian citizens and legal residents and issuing them National Identification Cards.

In 2013, the plan to provide a biometric legal identity to Tanzanians was revived. This plan was supported by the World Bank, in line with UN SDG Goal target 16.9, which by 2030, seeks to provide legal identity for all. Besides digital identity verification and fraud prevention, the National Identification (NID), also known as National Identification Number (NIN), allows the police, immigration, revenue authority, and other government agencies to share information and differentiate between Tanzanians and foreigners.

Six million residents in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar were reported to have registered for the biometric ID as of 2015, with approximately 2.7 million of the registered residents reported to have received their biometric ID cards. Seeking to capitalise on this, Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA) in March 2018, in collaboration with NIDA, launched a pilot project to register SIM cards for new subscribers using biometric technology. The deadline for mobile subscribers in Tanzania to comply with the requirement was that very same month: March 2018.

In 2020, TCRA published the Electronic and Postal Communications (SIM Card Registration) Regulations – EPOCA (the SCR Regulations). These regulations required Tanzanian nationals and residents with existing SIM cards to register their SIM cards through the new biometric registration system launched by the communications authority. During registration, new subscribers are required to provide fingerprints, with this information being directly linked to a subscriber’s identification card.

These government efforts — the biometric identity and EPOCA SIM card registration regulations — came at a time when Tanzania had no data protection legislation in place. At the time of publishing this piece, the draft Data Protection Bill had been unanimously approved by the Tanzanian parliament and was awaiting the president’s assent. The lack of an active privacy law culminated in criticism from various stakeholders, who were of the belief that the rollout of Digital IDs put citizen privacy at risk. Stakeholders had urged the Tanzanian government to regulate digital ID privacy before rolling out the process.

Further, with the enforced biometric SIM card regulation, it was feared that the absence of privacy legislation could create a void, allowing state security bodies to collude with telecommunications companies to intercept communication under the pretext of criminal investigations or national security.

A case in point is the terrorism case against Tanzania’s main opposition leader Freeman Mbowe, where a witness from Tigo — a telco — confessed during cross-examination in court that the telco’s compliance with Tanzanian authorities’ demands was of a higher priority to them than customer data privacy, which provoked heated debates on various platforms in Tanzania. A review of the privacy policies of other telcos such as Vodacom Tanzania and Airtel Tanzania indicates that they both share personal data with third parties, among them law enforcement agencies and regulatory authorities as “it may be required for compliance by the Tanzanian judicature.” Halotel, on its part, does not have a privacy policy statement published on its portal.

The total disregard for users’ privacy by telcos could be attributed to the EPOCA (Investigation) Regulations, 2017. Section 22 directs that a communication service provider shall ensure that its postal or communications systems are technically capable of supporting lawful interceptions at all times, ensure its services are capable of rendering real-time and full-time monitoring facilities for the interception of communications, ensure all call-related information is provided in real-time or as soon as possible upon call termination, ensure it provides one or more interfaces from which the intercepted communications shall be transmitted to the interface management facility, and that the intercepted communications are transmitted to the monitoring centre through physical links.

Law enforcers, on the other hand, are granted express interception powers under section 5 of the regulations. The Director-General of Tanzanian Intelligence and Security Service (TISS), and or the Director of Criminal Investigations (DCI) for instance, can intercept communication on any telco upon obtaining a warrant as a disclosure order from the Inspector General of Police (IGP).

While Chapter 16 of the Tanzanian Constitution guarantees the right to privacy and personal safety of individuals, the country still does not have effective laws to protect its citizens’ privacy in this digital era. This will aid put the country at par with its East Africa Community peers that have Data Protection Acts in place, and thus foster data residency or the storage of personal data within the borders of the country, in efforts to ensure that personal data is collected, processed, and stored in a way that meets regional and international data privacy standards. By Advox, Global Voices