By ABDI HALIM MUSA

The African Union (AU) was founded on the principles of self-determination, peace, unity, and regional stability. Yet, it finds itself at a crossroads when it comes to Somaliland—a de facto state that has spent over three decades building a stable democracy, upholding the rule of law and maintaining peace in a region marked by turmoil. Despite its remarkable achievements, Somaliland remains excluded from AU discussions, development initiatives, and regional decision-making.

Recognizing Somaliland through Observer Status is not just a matter of political diplomacy—it is a moral imperative and a strategic necessity. Somaliland represents the very ideals the AU seeks to promote: democracy, stability, and self-reliance. By granting Somaliland a seat at t he table, the AU would send a powerful message that African nations that prioritize good governance, security, and economic development will not be ignored.

This article makes the legal, historical, and political case for Somaliland’s inclusion in the AU, explores how this move would benefit the African continent, and outlines concrete steps for African and global leaders to support this long-overdue decision.

Somaliland’s Journey: From Independence to Resilience A Nation That Was Once Recognized Somaliland’s case for Observer Status is not about secession—it is about reclaiming a sovereignty that was once acknowledged by the international community.

June 26, 1960 – The British Somaliland Protectorate gained full independence, recognized by more than 30 UN member states, including the United Kingdom and Egypt. July 1, 1960 – Just five days later, Somaliland voluntarily united with Italian Somalia to form the Somali Republic—a political experiment that lacked a formal legal framework and quickly proved to be an unequal partnership.

1991 – After enduring decades of marginalization and a devastating civil war, Somaliland peacefully reclaimed its independence, rebuilding its institutions from the ground up. Building Peace and a Functioning Democracy Unlike many post-conflict states, Somaliland’s stability was not imposed by foreign intervention but carefully crafted through locally driven reconciliation efforts. After withdrawing from the failed union with Somalia, Somaliland’s leaders prioritized peacebuilding, democratic governance, and
economic development rather than falling into political fragmentation.

✔ 1993 Borama Conference – Clan elders, politicians, and civil society representatives came together to draft Somaliland’s constitution, creating a hybrid governance model that blends traditional leadership (guurti) with modern democratic institutions.

✔ Seven peaceful elections since 2003 – Somaliland has successfully held multiple presidential, parliamentary, and local elections, with power transitions occurring peacefully—a rare achievement in the region. 

✔ Strong voter engagement – The 2021 parliamentary elections saw a 70% voter turnout, reflecting high public trust in the system. At a time when many AU member states struggle with political instability, coups, and authoritarianism, Somaliland stands out as a success story—a nation that has proven its commitment to democracy, stability, and governance despite lacking international recognition.

The Legal and Political Case for Observer Status Somaliland Meets All Criteria for Statehood satisfies the legal requirements for statehood:

A Permanent Population – More than 5.7 million people who share a national identity, language, and governance structure. 2. Defined Borders – Somaliland’s territory corresponds to the former British Somaliland Protectorate (1884–1960), borders that were internationally recognized before the union with Somalia.

A Functional Government – Somaliland has a working executive, legislature, and judiciary, operating independently. Capacity for International Relations – Somaliland maintains trade agreements, security cooperation, and diplomatic missions in over 15 countries.

These factors clearly distinguish Somaliland from separatist movements elsewhere in Africa—it is not seeking to redraw borders but rather to restore a sovereignty that existed before the union with Somalia.

AU Precedent: The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR)

The AU has already set a precedent by recognizing the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in 1982, despite its contested status.

✔ SADR and Somaliland share similar colonial histories – Both were former protectorates that later sought independence.
✔ The AU accepted SADR without UN recognition – Demonstrating that the AU can act independently of the United Nations.
✔ Somaliland is requesting a lesser status – Unlike SADR, which holds full AU membership,

Somaliland only seeks Observer Status, making this an even less controversial decision. If the AU can accommodate SADR, why continue excluding Somaliland—a nation that outperforms many AU states in governance, security, and democracy? Why Somaliland’s Inclusion Benefits the AU
1. Strengthening Democracy in Africa Many African nations have struggled with democratic backsliding, political instability, and military coups.
✔ Somaliland offers a rare African success story, demonstrating that democracy can thrive without international intervention.
✔ Its free and fair elections put it ahead of many AU member states in terms of governance and accountability.
✔ Including Somaliland in AU discussions would set an example for other African nations, proving that democracy can and will be rewarded.

 Enhancing Regional Security

Somaliland’s location along the Gulf of Aden makes it a key player in regional security: ✔ Maritime security leadership – Somaliland’s coastguard has reduced piracy in the Gulf of Aden by 90% since 2012, ensuring safe trade routes.
✔ Counterterrorism partner – Somaliland has remained free from Al-Shabaab attacks for over a decade, making it a valuable security ally for Africa and global powers.
✔ A strategic buffer against instability – Somaliland’s stability helps prevent the spread of terrorism and conflict in the Horn of Africa.

Expanding Economic Opportunities for Africa

Somaliland is an emerging economic hub, with major infrastructure projects that could benefit the entire African continent:

✔ Berbera Port Expansion – A $442 million project (funded by DP World and the UAE) transforming Somaliland into a regional trade hub.
✔ Trade Corridor with Ethiopia – The 2024 Ethiopia-Somaliland MoU could strengthen economic ties between East Africa and the Middle East.
✔ Untapped Energy Potential – Somaliland has vast oil and gas reserves attracting interest from international investors.

Allowing Somaliland to engage in AU economic initiatives would strengthen intra-African trade and investment, in line with Agenda 2063’s vision for economic integration.

Addressing Common Concerns

1. “Will This Set a Precedent for Other Secessionist Movements?”
📌 Somaliland is not seceding—it is restoring its 1960 independence. Unlike secessionist groups, Somaliland’s borders were internationally recognized before its union with Somalia.
2. “Somalia Opposes Somaliland’s Recognition.”
📌 Somalia has consistently refused to engage in negotiations without preconditions. The AU must step in as a neutral mediator, similar to its approach in Sudan-South Sudan negotiations
(2011–2013).
3. “AU Policy Prioritizes Existing Borders.”
📌 The AU’s own 2005 fact-finding report acknowledged Somaliland’s unique case, stating that it deserved special consideration outside of the traditional AU framework.
The Path Forward: How the AU and Global Leaders Can Act 

What the AU Should Do:

✅ Grant Somaliland Observer Status Immediately – This would allow Somaliland to contribute expertise in security, trade, and democratic governance.
✅ Revisit the 2005 AU Report – A formal vote in the AU Assembly could finally recognize Somaliland’s special status.
✅ Appoint a Special AU Envoy for Somaliland-Somalia Talks – A neutral figure could help restart stalled negotiations without preconditions.

What Global Powers (U.S., UK, EU, UAE) Should Do:
✅ Use Diplomatic Influence – Western and Gulf allies should encourage AU member states to support Somaliland’s bid.
✅ Tie Development Assistance to AU Reform – Donor nations should link funding to progress on recognizing Somaliland’s democratic success.

4 ✅ Encourage Trade and Investment in Somaliland – Economic incentives could build diplomatic momentum for formal recognition. Conclusion: A Call for Justice and Leadership For more than 30 years, Somaliland has been a shining example of peace, democracy, and stability in Africa—a continent often plagued by political crises. Yet, despite meeting all legal, moral, and practical criteria, it remains side-lined by the AU.

Granting Somaliland Observer Status is more than a political gesture; it is a bold step toward an Africa that values governance over outdated territorial politics. Recognizing Somaliland would:
✔ Reward stability and democracy in Africa.
✔ Strengthen regional security and counterterrorism efforts.
✔ Enhance economic cooperation through trade and investment.

The AU must live up to its founding principles and act not out of fear, but out of leadership. The time for hesitation is over. It is time for Africa to embrace Somaliland—not just as an Observer, but as a legitimate and valued partner in shaping the continent’s future. The world faces a choice: continue to ignore a model African state, or take a stand for democracy, peace, and progress. The answer should be clear—the AU must act, and it must act now. The Writer is a Freelance political & economic analyst |
Former Deputy Minister of Commerce, Somaliland